Usage
- Adrenochrome monosemicarbazone is prescribed for the treatment of capillary bleeding, including conditions like epistaxis (nosebleeds), hematuria (blood in urine), and retinal hemorrhage (bleeding in the eye). It can also be used as an adjunct therapy to manage excessive bleeding in conditions such as menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding), and post-operative hemorrhage.
- Pharmacological Classification: Hemostatic agent, antihemorrhagic.
- Mechanism of Action: Adrenochrome monosemicarbazone is thought to reduce capillary fragility and permeability, thereby decreasing bleeding. The exact mechanism is not fully understood but likely involves vasoconstriction and enhanced platelet aggregation.
Alternate Names
- Carbazochrome
- Adrenochrome semicarbazone
How It Works
- Pharmacodynamics: Adrenochrome monosemicarbazone acts locally on capillaries, reducing their fragility and permeability. It also promotes vasoconstriction and improves platelet aggregation, contributing to hemostasis. The precise molecular mechanism isn’t completely elucidated but is likely related to its antioxidant properties and interaction with vascular smooth muscle.
- Pharmacokinetics: Information on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion is limited. Available data suggests it’s readily absorbed after intramuscular or intravenous administration, with rapid onset of action. Information about the metabolic pathways or specific CYP enzyme involvement is scarce. Elimination pathways are not well-defined, although both renal and hepatic excretion are likely involved.
Dosage
Standard Dosage
Adults:
- Oral: 1-2 tablets (dosage varies depending on product formulation) three times a day.
- Intramuscular/Subcutaneous Injection: 10 mg daily.
- Intravenous Injection/Infusion: 25-100 mg daily.
Children:
- Dose adjustments are needed for children. Consult a physician for appropriate dosing based on the child’s weight and condition. Sources suggest children under 6 years may receive 1-2 ml of the injectable form three times a day. Use with caution in pediatric patients as safety and efficacy haven’t been conclusively established.
Special Cases:
- Elderly Patients: Use with caution due to potential age-related organ dysfunction.
- Patients with Renal Impairment: Dosage adjustments may be needed based on the patient’s creatinine clearance.
- Patients with Hepatic Dysfunction: Exercise caution and consider dosage adjustments.
- Patients with Comorbid Conditions: Carefully consider the patient’s overall health status and potential drug interactions before prescribing.
Clinical Use Cases:
Dosage recommendations for these specific use cases are not consistently available in current sources. Dosage adjustments are typically made based on the individual patient’s needs and the severity of bleeding.
- Intubation: Data not available.
- Surgical Procedures: Pre-operative: 2-6 ml injection at suitable intervals. Post-operative: 1-2 ml every 2 hours.
- Mechanical Ventilation: Data not available.
- Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Use: Data not available.
- Emergency Situations: Data not available.
Dosage Adjustments
Consult a physician for dosage adjustments based on patient-specific factors, including renal or hepatic dysfunction, metabolic disorders, and other relevant health conditions.
Side Effects
Common Side Effects:
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Rash
- Stomach upset (with oral tablets)
- Injection site reactions (pain, swelling, redness)
Rare but Serious Side Effects:
- Allergic reactions (dyspnea, bronchospasm, anaphylaxis)
Long-Term Effects:
- Limited information is available regarding long-term effects.
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR):
Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity to adrenochrome monosemicarbazone or any of its components.
- Severe cardiovascular disease (relative contraindication)
- Active bleeding disorders (relative contraindication)
Drug Interactions
- Anticoagulants
- Antiplatelet agents
- Thrombolytics
- Antihistamines (may reduce the efficacy of adrenochrome monosemicarbazone)
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
- Safety and efficacy during pregnancy and lactation have not been fully established. Use only if clearly indicated and under the supervision of a physician.
Drug Profile Summary
- Mechanism of Action: Reduces capillary fragility and permeability, promotes vasoconstriction, improves platelet aggregation.
- Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, rash, stomach upset, injection site reactions. Rarely: allergic reactions, acute toxicity.
- Contraindications: Hypersensitivity.
- Drug Interactions: Anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, thrombolytics, antihistamines.
- Pregnancy & Breastfeeding: Use with caution if benefits outweigh risks.
- Dosage: Varies; see dosage section above.
- Monitoring Parameters: Bleeding time, signs of bleeding, vital signs.
Popular Combinations
- Some formulations combine adrenochrome monosemicarbazone with rutin, vitamin C, vitamin K, vitamin D, and calcium. These combinations are intended to improve overall hemostatic effects and capillary health.
Precautions
- General Precautions: Screen for allergies and pre-existing conditions affecting liver, kidney, or cardiovascular function.
- Specific Populations: Use with caution in children, elderly patients, and pregnant or breastfeeding women.
- Lifestyle Considerations: No specific lifestyle restrictions are consistently mentioned in the provided sources.
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
Q1: What is the recommended dosage for Adrenochrome Monosemicarbazone?
A: Dosage varies depending on the route of administration, indication, and patient factors. Consult the dosage section above for more details. Always refer to specific product information.
Q2: How is Adrenochrome Monosemicarbazone administered?
A: It can be administered orally (tablets), intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or intravenously.
Q3: What are the common side effects?
A: Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, rash, and stomach upset.
Q4: Is Adrenochrome Monosemicarbazone safe during pregnancy?
A: Safety and efficacy during pregnancy haven’t been conclusively established. Use with caution if benefits outweigh potential risks.
Q5: Are there any drug interactions I should be aware of?
A: Adrenochrome monosemicarbazone may interact with anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, thrombolytics, and antihistamines.
Q6: What is the mechanism of action of Adrenochrome Monosemicarbazone?
A: It reduces capillary fragility and permeability, and promotes vasoconstriction.
Q7: What are the contraindications for Adrenochrome Monosemicarbazone?
A: Known hypersensitivity to the drug is a contraindication. Use with caution in patients with cardiovascular disease or bleeding disorders.
Q8: How should Adrenochrome Monosemicarbazone be stored?
A: Store as directed by the manufacturer or your physician, typically at controlled room temperature and protected from light and moisture.
Q9: What should I do if a dose is missed?
A: If a dose is missed, take it as soon as remembered unless it’s close to the next scheduled dose. Do not double the dose.
